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Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).

Localização

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Recursos Naturais

coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Distribuição da População

the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

4590000
Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)
SARAJEVO (capital) 318,000 (2015)
Designação longa convencional
none
Abreviatura
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Forma longa local
none
Forma curto local
Bosna i Hercegovina
parliamentary republic
Nome
Sarajevo
Coordenadas Geográficas
43 52 N, 18 25 E
Fuso horário
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Horário de verão
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Bosnia and Herzegovina has a transitional economy with limited market reforms. The economy relies heavily on the export of metals, energy, textiles, and furniture as well as on remittances and foreign aid. A highly decentralized government hampers economic policy coordination and reform, while excessive bureaucracy and a segmented market discourage foreign investment. Foreign banks, primarily from Austria and Italy, control much of the banking sector, though the largest bank in the Republika Srpska entity is a private domestic one. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro through a currency board arrangement, which has maintained confidence in the currency and has facilitated reliable trade links with European partners. In 2016, Bosnia began a three-year IMF loan program that requires Bosnia to meet economic reform benchmarks to receive future funding installments.
Inflação
-0,93%
Acções de dívida externa
US$ 12.887.025.000
Taxa de imposto total (% dos lucros empresa)
22,6%
Taxa de juro real
4,556%
Produção, valor acrescentado (% PIB)
14,48%
Saldo Corrente
US$ -740.991.344
Força de trabalho, total
1.386.783
Emprego na Agricultura
17,88%
Emprego na Industria
7,45%
Emprego nos Serviços
44,58%
Taxa de Desemprego
25,76%
Importação de Produtos e Serviços
US$ 8.664.939.042
Exportação de Produtos e Serviços
US$ 5.592.914.658
Total Comércio de Mercadorias
87,30%
IDE, entradas líquidas
US$ 259.405.862
Exportações de serviços comerciais
US$ 1.700.111.548
wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining
Mercadorias
metals, clothing, wood products
Parceiros
Slovenia 16.6%, Italy 16%, Germany 12.2%, Croatia 11.6%, Austria 11.2%, Turkey 5.3% (2016)
Mercadorias
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Parceiros
Croatia 19.3%, Germany 13.9%, Slovenia 13.8%, Italy 10.9%, Austria 5.7%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.5% (2016)
Índice de Risco do País
C
A very uncertain political and economic outlook and a business environment with many troublesome weaknesses can have a significant impact on corporate payment behavior. Corporate default probability is high.
Classificação de Clima de Negócios
B
The business environment is mediocre. The availability and the reliability of corporate financial information vary widely. Debt collection can sometimes be difficult. The institutional framework has a few troublesome weaknesses. Intercompany transactions run appreciable risks in the unstable, largely inefficient environments rated B.
  • IMF financial aid
  • Substantial remittances from workers abroad
  • Signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement between EU and Balkans
  • Limited diversity in exports
  • High unemployment
  • Size of the informal sector
  • Shortcomings in terms of infrastructure and business climate
  • Institutional and ethnic fragmentation

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