Following more than three centuries under Portuguese rule, Brazil gained its independence in 1822, maintaining a monarchical system of government until the abolition of slavery in 1888 and the subsequent proclamation of a republic by the military in 1889. Brazilian coffee exporters politically dominated the country until populist leader Getulio VARGAS rose to power in 1930. By far the largest and most populous country in South America, Brazil underwent more than a half century of populist and military government until 1985, when the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Having successfully weathered a period of global financial difficulty in the late 20th century, Brazil was seen as one of the world’s strongest emerging markets and a contributor to global growth. The awarding of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Summer Olympic Games, the first ever to be held in South America, was seen as symbolic of the country’s rise. However, since about 2013, Brazil has been plagued by a shrinking economy, growing unemployment, and rising inflation. Political scandal resulted in the impeachment of President Dilma ROUSSEFF in May 2016, a conviction that was upheld by the Senate in August 2016; her vice president, Michel TEMER, will serve as president until 2018, completing her second term.
Localização
Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Recursos Naturais
bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
Distribuição da População
the vast majority of people live along, or relatively near, the Atlantic coast in the east; the population core is in the southeast, anchored by the cities of Sao Paolo, Brasilia, and Rio de Janeiro
Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language)
Sao Paulo 21.066 million; Rio de Janeiro 12.902 million; Belo Horizonte 5.716 million; BRASILIA (capital) 4.155 million; Fortaleza 3.88 million; Recife 3.739 million (2015)
- Designação longa convencional
- Federative Republic of Brazil
- Abreviatura
- Brazil
- Forma longa local
- Republica Federativa do Brasil
- Forma curto local
- Brasil
federal presidential republic
- Nome
- Brasilia
- Coordenadas Geográficas
- 15 47 S, 47 55 W
- Fuso horário
- UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
- Horário de verão
- +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday in February
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Brazil is the eighth-largest economy in the world, but is recovering from a recession in 2015 and 2016 that ranks as the worst in the country’s history. Falling commodity prices reduced export revenues and investment, which weakened the Brazilian real and cut tax revenues. The weaker real made existing public debt, which was largely denominated in foreign currency, more expensive. Lower tax revenues strained the government budget.
- Inflação
- 8,739%
- Acções de dívida externa
- US$ 543.399.361.000
- Taxa de imposto total (% dos lucros empresa)
- 68,4%
- Taxa de juro real
- 40,401%
- Produção, valor acrescentado (% PIB)
- 11,714%
- Saldo Corrente
- US$ -23.529.633.120
- Força de trabalho, total
- 108.258.660
- Emprego na Agricultura
- 10,29%
- Emprego na Industria
- 22,20%
- Emprego nos Serviços
- 77,34%
- Taxa de Desemprego
- 11,45%
- Importação de Produtos e Serviços
- US$ 217.795.930.066
- Exportação de Produtos e Serviços
- US$ 224.312.410.433
- Total Comércio de Mercadorias
- 18,30%
- IDE, entradas líquidas
- US$ 78.928.533.472
- Exportações de serviços comerciais
- US$ 32.567.703.439
coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment
- Mercadorias
- transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, automobiles
- Parceiros
- China 18.6%, US 12.7%, Argentina 6.7%, Netherlands 5.3% (2015)
- Mercadorias
- machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
- Parceiros
- China 17.9%, US 15.6%, Germany 6.1%, Argentina 6% (2015)
- Índice de Risco do País
- C
- A very uncertain political and economic outlook and a business environment with many troublesome weaknesses can have a significant impact on corporate payment behavior. Corporate default probability is high.
- Classificação de Clima de Negócios
- A4
- The business environment is acceptable. Corporate financial information is sometimes neither readily available nor sufficiently reliable. Debt collection is not always efficient and the institutional framework has shortcomings. Intercompany transactions may thus run into appreciable difficulties in the acceptable but occasionally unstable environments rated A4.
- World's 6th largest economy
- Improved institutional transparency following recent corruption scandals
- Increasing active population
- Varied and rich mineral resources and agricultural harvests
- Advanced manufacturing industry: aeronautics, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, oil and gas industry engineering
- Ability to withstand external shocks: creditor to outside world, substantial reserves
- Shortages of qualified labor / inadequate education system
- Infrastructure shortcoming (transport, energy)
- Low level of investment
- High cost of production (wages, energy, logistics, credit)
- Public spending is high and inefficient
- Scale of corruption and inequalities
Brazil has experienced an unprecedented economic and political crisis, with two successive years of recession (2015–2016). A slowdown in private consumption, the main engine for growth, and a decline in investments were the leading causes. In 2017, the Brazilian economy is expected to gradually move into growth. The return of macroeconomic stability thanks to the ongoing budgetary adjustments and the return of confidence within the industrial and services sectors should lead to increased investments during the year. The government’s plans for public sector concessions (airports, motorway sections) are expected to attract local and foreign private investors. The Brazilian development bank (BNDES) is also expected to make a contribution and offer funding solutions for interested parties. Despite the easing of inflation, household consumption is likely to continue suffering with the high level of unemployment and the reduced supply of bank credit. Foreign trade should make a positive contribution to growth thanks to the vitality of exports (particularly primary) whilst imports will hold at a moderate level. Finally, the slowing in inflation, progress in the budget reforms and the as yet slow recovery in economic activity should lead to a gradual reduction in interest rates.
The public deficit is likely to contract gradually as the reforms being undertaken by the government of President Michel Temer are implemented. On his arrival in power in May 2016, the president announced a budget readjustment plan aimed at slowing the growth in public spending. A number of measures are being proposed, in particular the placing before parliament of an amendment to the Constitution (PEC) intended to set a ceiling for increases in spending. The PEC was approved on the first vote in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate at the end of 2016. In 2017, the government’s political agenda is expected to focus on reforming the retirement system, including the extending of the contribution period with a minimum legal retirement age of 65. Reforms to labor laws, including a relaxation in the working time provisions, are also on the political agenda. In the shorter term, the recovery in economic activity, slow as it may be, should help the government stabilize the decline in its revenues (in particular taxes and duties) resulting from the economic contraction. All of these initiatives are aimed at reducing future public deficits and slow the growth in the public debt, the speed of which is a cause of concern and is costly, notably in terms of the country’s external creditworthiness. The risk associated with the external public debt is however limited (75% of the debt is held by residents) and the level of the currency reserves (19% of GDP) limit the danger of a currency crisis. The appreciation of the dollar could however impact on the real exchange rate during the year, despite a gradual re-emergence of confidence in the country among investors.
In terms of foreign trade, the current account deficit contracted in 2016, thanks to the re-emergence of the foreign trade balance surplus following the fall in imports. The weakness in domestic demand together with the depreciation of the real again the US dollar led to a sharp drop in imports. The trend is likely to continue in 2017. The rise of the US dollar and the low level of household demand are likely to contribute to a slowdown in imports, in particular in consumer goods. Exports however should feel the benefits of the vitality of the agricultural (most notably soya) and livestock sectors, as well as, to a lesser extent, exports of manufactured products which will benefit from the weakness of the real and the gradual upturn in regional demand. This should also lead to an increase in exports of services (mainly transports) to neighboring countries.
Officially appointed Brazilian Head of State at the end of August 2016, following the impeachment of Dilma Rousef, his predecessor, Michel Temer is expected to hold office until the next presidential elections in 2018. In political terms, he seems to have already successfully established a consensus within the multiparty coalition in Congress, thus consolidating his position as president; however the stability of the political context is far from secure given the possibility of further revelations involving members of the government in the Petrobras corruption scandal. In economic terms, the president is expected to adopt more orthodox policies and ones that are more favorable to business than those of his predecessors, with a focus on budget management. The promotion of conventional policy measures, reforms to pensions and the labor laws, are however likely to weaken the popularity of the new government, given that the Temer government does not have the support of the entire population. Brazilian foreign policy is expected to focus on building the country’s exports and on its strategic partnerships with Argentina, China and the United States.