Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886), Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; in 1948, Burma attained independence from the British Commonwealth. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. In response to widespread civil unrest, NE WIN resigned in 1988, but within months the military crushed student-led protests and took power.
Localização
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
Recursos Naturais
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land
Distribuição da População
population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated
RANGOON (Yangon) (capital) 4.802 million; Mandalay 1.167 million; Nay Pyi Taw 1.03 million (2015)
- Designação longa convencional
- Union of Burma
- Abreviatura
- Burma
- Forma longa local
- Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw (translated as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)
- Forma curto local
- Myanma Naingngandaw
- Nome
- Nay Pyi Taw
- Coordenadas Geográficas
- 16 48 N, 96 09 E
- Fuso horário
- UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Since the transition to a civilian government in 2011, Burma has begun an economic overhaul aimed at attracting foreign investment and reintegrating into the global economy. Economic reforms have included establishing a managed float of the Burmese kyat in 2012, granting the Central Bank operational independence in July 2013, enacting a new anti-corruption law in September 2013, and granting licenses to nine foreign banks in 2014 and four more foreign banks in 2016. State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI and the ruling National League for Democracy, who took power in March 2016, are seeking to improve Burma’s investment climate, following the US sanctions lift in October 2016 and reinstatement of Generalized System of Preferences trade benefits in November 2016. In October 2016, Burma passed a revised foreign investment law that consolidates investment regulations and eases the investment approval process. Parliament is also expected to pass amendments to the Companies Law and Gemstone Law later this year.
- Inflação
- 10,803%
- Acções de dívida externa
- US$ 6.401.183.000
- Taxa de imposto total (% dos lucros empresa)
- 31,3%
- Taxa de juro real
- 3,354%
- Produção, valor acrescentado (% PIB)
- 20,672%
- Saldo Corrente
- US$ -2.493.832.749
- Força de trabalho, total
- 29.895.368
- Emprego na Agricultura
- 62,68%
- Emprego na Industria
- 12,04%
- Emprego nos Serviços
- 25,15%
- Taxa de Desemprego
- 0,81%
- Importação de Produtos e Serviços
- US$ 17.784.000.000
- Exportação de Produtos e Serviços
- US$ 11.066.000.000
- Total Comércio de Mercadorias
- 40,93%
- IDE, entradas líquidas
- US$ 4.083.839.112
- Exportações de serviços comerciais
- US$ 3.793.869.894
rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts; sugarcane; fish and fish products; hardwood
agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments; jade and gems
- Mercadorias
- natural gas; wood products; pulses and beans; fish; rice; clothing; minerals, including jade and gems
- Parceiros
- China 37.8%, Thailand 25.7%, India 7.4%, Japan 6.2% (2015)
- Mercadorias
- fabric; petroleum products; fertilizer; plastics; machinery; transport equipment; cement, construction materials; food products� edible oil
- Parceiros
- China 42.1%, Thailand 18.4%, Singapore 11%, Japan 4.8% (2015)
- Índice de Risco do País
- D
- A high-risk political and economic situation and an often very difficult business environment can have a very significant impact on corporate payment behavior. Corporate default probability is very high.
- Classificação de Clima de Negócios
- E
- The highest possible risk in terms of business climate. Due to a lack of available financial information and an unpredictable legal system, doing business in this country is extremely difficult.
- Ongoing democratic transition and opening of the economy
- Abundant raw materials (rice, teak, minerals, gas, and oil)
- Significant hydroelectric potential
- Proximity to vibrant economies (India, China, and Thailand)
- Huge tourist potential
- Danger of serious ethnic conflict
- Undiversified economy
- Underdeveloped financial sector
As in 2016, the rate of growth will remain strong in 2017. Economic activity is expected to benefit from the democratic transition made possible by the November 2015 elections and with the National League for Democracy (NLD) taking power in April 2016. In addition, the approving of a new law on investments in October 2016 should also help boost activity, with the country feeling the benefits of vitality of the gas, telecommunications and consumer goods sectors. The development of tourism should also continue despite the lack of hotel accommodation. The construction sector will benefit from the boom in building the new tourism infrastructure. The country is experiencing an influx of foreign investment as its economy is opened up. However, despite the development of special economic zones, its infrastructure remains seriously inadequate, in particular for electricity, which places limits on its production capacity. On top of this, productivity is low and labor relatively unskilled. Whilst the banking sector remains underdeveloped, the supply of credit is growing rapidly and underpinning consumer spending and investment. In addition, the textile and clothing sector will benefit from the re-establishment, approved in September 2016, of the generalized preference system with the United States which will allow Burma privileged access to the US market.
Efforts to bring the budget deficit under control are expected to continue in 2017. The government is prioritizing spending on developing infrastructures as well as social spending (education, healthcare). At the same time, with revenues being restricted by weak natural gas prices, the government wants to push ahead with reforms aimed at increasing the tax base which would help boost budget revenues. In addition, the public debt has been granted debt relief and a rescheduling of the arrears by the Paris Club, enabling the country to receive further concessionary loans to finance investment in its infrastructure. This means public debt is at a moderate and sustainable level.
In political terms, the country has seen an unprecedented period of liberalization. The parliamentary election in November 2010, bringing to an end the rule of the military junta, opened the way to a reform process as of summer 2011. Partial parliamentary elections were held in April 2012, the first elections in which all elements of the opposition had taken part since 1990. The National League for Democracy (NLD) won 43 of the 45 seats up for election, enabling Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the NLD, to become Member of Parliament. In the long-awaited general election of 8 November 2015, the LND won over 80% of the votes. This gave it an absolute majority in Parliament, despite 25% of the seats being reserved for members of the junta. The NLD entered into office in April 2016. Htin Kyaw was elected President by Parliament and Aung San Suu Kyi was appointed “State Counsellor”, a role specifically devised for her as the Constitution prohibits her from becoming President because of her foreign family links. Partial parliamentary elections are due to be held in April 2017. With 12 national Parliamentary seats at stake, this could not threaten the NLD majority but will be the first real test for the party, one year after it came to power.