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Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela - named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the latter dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the subsequent decades. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999. An ambitious expansion project to more than double the Canal's capacity - by allowing for more Canal transits and larger ships - was carried out between 2007 and 2016.

Localização

Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Recursos Naturais

copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower

Distribuição da População

population is concentrated towards the center of the country, particularly around the Canal, but a sizeable segment of the populace also lives in the far west around David; the eastern third of the country is sparsely inhabited

3410676
Spanish (official), indigenous languages (including Ngabere (or Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (or Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (similar to Jamaican English Creole; a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere; also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese)
PANAMA CITY (capital) 1.673 million (2015)
Designação longa convencional
Republic of Panama
Abreviatura
Panama
Forma longa local
Republica de Panama
Forma curto local
Panama
presidential republic
Nome
Panama City
Coordenadas Geográficas
8 58 N, 79 32 W
Fuso horário
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Panama's dollar-based economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for more than three-quarters of GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, logistics, banking, the Colon Free Trade Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism and Panama is a center for offshore banking. Panama's transportation and logistics services sectors, along with infrastructure development projects, have boosted economic growth; however, public debt surpassed $37 billion in 2016 because of excessive government spending and public works projects. The US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement was approved by Congress and signed into law in October 2011, and entered into force in October 2012.
Inflação
0,746%
Acções de dívida externa
US$ 87.724.209.000
Taxa de imposto total (% dos lucros empresa)
37,2%
Taxa de juro real
6,536%
Produção, valor acrescentado (% PIB)
5,471%
Saldo Corrente
US$ -3.098.000.000
Força de trabalho, total
1.909.198
Emprego na Agricultura
14,81%
Emprego na Industria
18,36%
Emprego nos Serviços
66,82%
Taxa de Desemprego
5,82%
Importação de Produtos e Serviços
US$ 27.357.000.000
Exportação de Produtos e Serviços
US$ 24.707.000.000
Total Comércio de Mercadorias
52,13%
IDE, entradas líquidas
US$ 5.978.400.000
Exportações de serviços comerciais
US$ 12.275.300.000
bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock; shrimp
construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling
Mercadorias
fruit and nuts, fish, iron and steel waste, wood
Parceiros
US 19.7%, Germany 13.2%, Costa Rica 7.7%, China 5.9%, Netherlands 4.1% (2015)
Mercadorias
fuels, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel rods, pharmaceuticals
Parceiros
US 25.9%, China 9.6%, Mexico 5.1% (2015)
Índice de Risco do País
A4
A somewhat shaky political and economic outlook and a relatively volatile business environment can affect corporate payment behavior. Corporate default probability is still acceptable on average.
Classificação de Clima de Negócios
A4
The business environment is acceptable. Corporate financial information is sometimes neither readily available nor sufficiently reliable. Debt collection is not always efficient and the institutional framework has shortcomings. Intercompany transactions may thus run into appreciable difficulties in the acceptable but occasionally unstable environments rated A4.
  • Interoceanic canal
  • Total dollarization of the economy and financial stability
  • Colón free-trade zone, world’s 2nd-largest import-export platform
  • Regional banking and financial center
  • Exposure to North and South American economic conditions
  • Shortcomings in infrastructure (transport, power, education, health)
  • Huge disparity between the Canal zone and the rest of the country
  • Corruption and political patronage

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