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Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in June 2011, and carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Poverty and unemployment levels have fallen dramatically in the last decade, and today Peru boasts one of the best performing economies in Latin America. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow presidential runoff election in June 2016.

Localização

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Recursos Naturais

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Distribuição da População

approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

29907003
Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara (official) 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other (includes foreign languages and sign language) 0.2% (2007 est.)
LIMA (capital) 9.897 million; Arequipa 850,000; Trujillo 798,000 (2015)
Designação longa convencional
Republic of Peru
Abreviatura
Peru
Forma longa local
Republica del Peru
Forma curto local
Peru
presidential republic
Nome
Lima
Coordenadas Geográficas
12 03 S, 77 03 W
Fuso horário
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Peru's economy reflects its varied topography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, and the dense forest of the Amazon. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. Peru is the world's second largest producer of silver and copper.
Inflação
3,596%
Acções de dívida externa
US$ 65.938.010.000
Taxa de imposto total (% dos lucros empresa)
35,6%
Taxa de juro real
12,373%
Produção, valor acrescentado (% PIB)
14,501%
Saldo Corrente
US$ -9.209.589.198
Força de trabalho, total
17.068.667
Emprego na Agricultura
25,56%
Emprego na Industria
22,79%
Emprego nos Serviços
76,12%
Taxa de Desemprego
4,95%
Importação de Produtos e Serviços
US$ 42.948.387.670
Exportação de Produtos e Serviços
US$ 43.118.652.098
Total Comércio de Mercadorias
38,05%
IDE, entradas líquidas
US$ 7.817.116.455
Exportações de serviços comerciais
US$ 5.705.848.630
artichokes, asparagus, avocados, blueberries, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, quinoa, palm oil, marigolds, onions, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish
mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture
Mercadorias
copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys
Parceiros
China 22.1%, US 15.2%, Switzerland 8.1%, Canada 7% (2015)
Mercadorias
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines
Parceiros
China 22.7%, US 20.7%, Brazil 5.1%, Mexico 4.5% (2015)
Índice de Risco do País
A4
A somewhat shaky political and economic outlook and a relatively volatile business environment can affect corporate payment behavior. Corporate default probability is still acceptable on average.
Classificação de Clima de Negócios
B
The business environment is mediocre. The availability and the reliability of corporate financial information vary widely. Debt collection can sometimes be difficult. The institutional framework has a few troublesome weaknesses. Intercompany transactions run appreciable risks in the unstable, largely inefficient environments rated B.
  • Strong growth potential
  • Member of the Pacific Alliance
  • Mineral, energy, agricultural and halieutic resources
  • Low public debt and balanced budget
  • Independent central bank and sound banks
  • Attractiveness for tourists
  • Dependence on commodities and Chinese demand
  • Sensitivity to the climate and seismicity
  • Regional disparities (poverty in the Andean and Amazonian regions)
  • Inadequate infrastructure, corporate credit, healthcare and education
  • Scale of coca cultivation and cocaine production
  • Massive informal sector (75% of employment) which is not in favor of learning

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